Edward, with a vehicle like the Prius, I'd prefer the 15" tire size. It's in the 195/65R15 size, which is an EXTREMELY common size, and a size in which many tires with good rolling resistance are available. As Jerry noted above, the price premium for the 17" wheels/tires is still rather modest (about $1500), but I'd still rather have the 15s.
The 17" tire size is 215/45R17, and while you do have a good selection of good tires in that size, few good lower rolling resistance tires are available. In addition, the speed rating on the 17" tire is a "V", which means you'll most likely need to stay with a V-rated tire at replacement time, which is WAY overkill for that car, and really limits your tire choices to those high performance tires that bring about compromises you're probably not looking for.
Plus, the 17" wheels are heavier than the 15" wheels, which notionally worsens ride, acceleration, and braking. Whether you'd be able to tell or not...I don't know. But it certainly doesn't help. For fuel economy, you want the lightest equipment available. Consider this: I swapped the original steel wheels on my 2007 Corolla for the 15" wheels off a 2nd generation Prius (the non-Touring model) and saved a heady 6.5 pounds per corner. That's right: the steel wheels were 20.5 pounds each, and the Pri' wheels were only 14 pounds each. I noticed an immediate improvement in vehicle response and ride (I kept the same tires, as the wheel size was exactly the same, down to width and offset). The whole car just felt lighter on its toes.
The T-rated 195/65R15 tires that come on new Pri', Levels I-IV, are much more appropriate to that type of vehicle. It's already a very popular small car size, and now that the 3rd generation Prius comes standard with that size, I think we'll see a lot of good rolling resistance R&D going into tire models available in that size (which I'm excited to see).
However, if they are still coming with Goodyear Integrity tires, note that these tires are not well liked for their wet performance. Tire Rack's test of several rolling resistance tire models on Priuses matches that. Fortunately, different tires would cost a lot less than the level 5 if that is an issue.
The 2010+ models are coming with a variety of tires today. They've got the following as OE tire models:
The Bridgestone Ecopia EP100 was tested in the Tire Rack test, and did pretty favorably, but as it's a different tire model, the performance of the EP20 may vary. Interestingly, if you examine the tread pattern of the Ecopia EP20 and the Insignia SE200, they're near identical. The Insignia SE200 is already an OE-type tire, likely with a fairly low rolling resistance, and it may be that the Ecopia EP20 is simply a re-engineered SE200 with a different tread compound.
The on-paper data of the EP20 isn't inspiring. It only comes with 8/32" of tread new, and only rates a 380BB in the UTQG label. It's also on the expensive side for tires in this size, at $85 from Tire Rack. The apparently very similar Insignia SE200 (with the same UTQG rating) is only $62. We'll see how these tires perform in the field as more of the 2010 Pri' are fielded and owners report their experience with this tire (and others that come as OE on this car).
And a second thing about tire width (or third, or fourth) is that the aerodynamic signature of a wider tire is, well, wider. As the car moves through the air the width of the tires is as much of an obstacle to oncoming air as anything else, like mirrors, wipers, etc. With a wider tire to move air around, more drag is created.
Very little about wider and/or lower profile tires equates to better fuel economy. Quite the opposite generally. And with a quality tire, the difference in "safety" (like handling, braking) is going to be extremely small.
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